Wednesday, November 30, 2011
Tuesday, November 29, 2011
Take The Hero Challenge
This online activity takes you through the factors and processes that can make you more or less prone to act heroically.
Monday, November 28, 2011
Learning from our failures it seems is a better teacher than paying attention solely to our successes!
Neural Correlates of Effective Learning in Experienced Medical Decision-Makers
1 Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2 Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Hospital, Duarte, California, United States of America, 3 Human Neuroimaging Laboratory, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute and Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia, United States of America, 4 The Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Abstract Top
Accurate associative learning is often hindered by confirmation bias and success-chasing, which together can conspire to produce or solidify false beliefs in the decision-maker. We performed functional magnetic resonance imaging in 35 experienced physicians, while they learned to choose between two treatments in a series of virtual patient encounters. We estimated a learning model for each subject based on their observed behavior and this model divided clearly into high performers and low performers. The high performers showed small, but equal learning rates for both successes (positive outcomes) and failures (no response to the drug). In contrast, low performers showed very large and asymmetric learning rates, learning significantly more from successes than failures; a tendency that led to sub-optimal treatment choices. Consistently with these behavioral findings, high performers showed larger, more sustained BOLD responses to failed vs. successful outcomes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and inferior parietal lobule while low performers displayed the opposite response profile. Furthermore, participants' learning asymmetry correlated with anticipatory activation in the nucleus accumbens at trial onset, well before outcome presentation. Subjects with anticipatory activation in the nucleus accumbens showed more success-chasing during learning. These results suggest that high performers' brains achieve better outcomes by attending to informative failures during training, rather than chasing the reward value of successes. The differential brain activations between high and low performers could potentially be developed into biomarkers to identify efficient learners on novel decision tasks, in medical or other contexts.
Is Judicial Decision-Making Unbiased?
Judges are expected to be unbiased and
impartial.Research has shown that judges are as much prone
to the same biases in decision making as the rest of us. The recent
article, Real, Daniel L. and Irwin, John F.,
Unconscious Influences on Judicial Decision-Making: The Illusion of Objectivity
(October 23, 2010). McGeorge Law Review, Vol. 43, 2010 is worth reading.
Another excellent article on the subject is Jeffrey J. Rachlinski et al., Does
Unconscious Racial Bias Affect Trial Judges?, 84 NOTRE DAME L. REV. 1195,
1221 (2009).
If you have an interest in
learning how you can use psychological science to your advantage in your case,
please contact David A. Wenner, 602.224.0005 or david@jurybias.com
Source:
Social Science Research Network
Monday, November 21, 2011
Hypothetical Questions: Are they Innocent?
Hypothetical questions are everywhere. "Would you vote for so-and-so if they hired illegal immigrants, or raised taxes?" For the most part, we rarely give these questions much thought. But are they as innocent as they seem?
Baba Shiv, Professor of Marketing at the Stanford Graduate School of Business, believes that something considered innocent may very well have a big impact on an individual.
He and his colleagues say that hypothetical questions can sway opinion and even affect behavior.
In 2001, Shiv and his colleague Gavan Fitzsimons performed an experiment which looked at voting behavior. It was found that those types of questions used in push polls decreased the percentage of participants voting for the targeting candidate.
"For example, in one experiment, the researchers gave a pretrial jury selection questionnaire to a group of actual prospective jurors. They asked some of them, hypothetically, how finding out that the defendant was a gang member would affect their impartiality in the trial. Even though the questionnaire explicitly told participants not to use the questions to draw conclusions about the case, participants who saw this question ended up giving more guilty verdicts and meting out harsher sentences, at least on paper, than did participants who hadn't been exposed to the hypothetical."
It seems like we are easily affected by innocuous-looking tactics.
Citation: "Nonconscious and contaminative effects of hypothetical questions on subsequent decision making," G.J. Fitzsimons and B. Shiv, Journal of Consumer Research, 28, 224–238, 2001.
If you have an interest in learning how you can use psychological science to your advantage in your case, please contact David A. Wenner, 602.224.0005 or david@jurybias.com
Baba Shiv, Professor of Marketing at the Stanford Graduate School of Business, believes that something considered innocent may very well have a big impact on an individual.
He and his colleagues say that hypothetical questions can sway opinion and even affect behavior.
In 2001, Shiv and his colleague Gavan Fitzsimons performed an experiment which looked at voting behavior. It was found that those types of questions used in push polls decreased the percentage of participants voting for the targeting candidate.
"For example, in one experiment, the researchers gave a pretrial jury selection questionnaire to a group of actual prospective jurors. They asked some of them, hypothetically, how finding out that the defendant was a gang member would affect their impartiality in the trial. Even though the questionnaire explicitly told participants not to use the questions to draw conclusions about the case, participants who saw this question ended up giving more guilty verdicts and meting out harsher sentences, at least on paper, than did participants who hadn't been exposed to the hypothetical."
It seems like we are easily affected by innocuous-looking tactics.
Citation: "Nonconscious and contaminative effects of hypothetical questions on subsequent decision making," G.J. Fitzsimons and B. Shiv, Journal of Consumer Research, 28, 224–238, 2001.
If you have an interest in learning how you can use psychological science to your advantage in your case, please contact David A. Wenner, 602.224.0005 or david@jurybias.com
Wednesday, November 16, 2011
Using framing to your advantage
It's Not All About Me: Motivating Hand Hygiene Among Health Care Professionals by Focusing on Patients
Psychologists Adam M. Grant and David A. Hofmann recently did experiments in a hospital to understand the effectiveness of signs that promote hand hygiene.
In the field experiments, there were interesting findings when it came down to the comparisons of different hand hygiene signs located near dispensaries, which either promoted the idea of “hand hygiene prevents you from catching diseases,” or “hand hygiene prevents patients from catching diseases.”
At the Vienna General Hospital in 1847, Ignaz Semmelweis required health care officials to wash their hands, and the affects were dramatic. Death rates due to childbed fever decreased from 18.3% to 1.3%. After extensive research, it has since been found that hand hygiene plays an extremely important role in preventing the spread of diseases and infections.
In the study performed by Adam and Hofmann, the percentage of soap and hand-sanitizing gel were measured during 2-week periods before and after the signs were introduced.
Here are the results:
Personal consequence: 35% pre-experiment, 33% post-experiment
Patient consequences: 37% pre-experiment, 54% post-experiment
It was discovered that when it came to someone else’s life at stake when dealing with the potential spread of diseases, health care officials had better hand hygiene. But when it came to being reminded that washing hands prevents themselves from catching diseases, they didn’t seem to think twice about it.
Thinking about the patient is crucially important, and in the long run can help both health care officials and patients stay away from infectious diseases.
Cite: Psychological Science
Tuesday, November 15, 2011
Monday, November 14, 2011
Case Plus Helps at Every Stage of Your Case
November 30, 2011 - December 3, 2011
Sheraton Nashville Downtown Hotel
Nashville, TN
Sheraton Nashville Downtown Hotel
Nashville, TN
Focus groups are invaluable tools for exploring key issues in your case before taking it into the courtroom. Register for Case Plus: The Next Step in Developing and Testing Your Trial Story to benefit from not one, but three focus groups—now with extended focus group time spent on your case. And you can bring a second member of your trial team from your firm at no additional cost.
Case Plus Helps at Every Stage of Your Case
• Explore the biases and beliefs surrounding your case in order to develop a
discovery plan and case themes
• Determine the strengths and weaknesses of your case in order to develop
your trial strategy
• Get feedback on your trial story
• Find the trouble spots in your trial story before you go to trial
Open Only to AAJ Plaintiff Members (Regular, Life, Sustaining, President’s Club, and Leaders Forum) and AAJ’s Paralegal Affiliates.
http://www.justice.org/cps/rde/xchg/justice/hs.xsl/14236.htm
Weekend with the Stars: Evolution of Trial Advocacy,
December 9, 2011 - December 10, 2011
Hilton New York Hotel
New York, NY
Hilton New York Hotel
New York, NY
At AAJ Education’s seminar, Weekend with the Stars: Evolution of Trial Advocacy, you’ll hear some of the nation’s preeminent trial lawyers discuss how litigation has evolved and their responses to those changes. This program gathers the who’s who of trial advocacy in one place, for you to learn from and meet.
Your Takeaways: State of the art strategies and practical ideas you can use right away.
Featuring: Gerry Spence
Widely recognized as one of the greatest trial lawyers of all time, Mr. Spence has spent his lifetime representing the poor and the injured. He has never lost a criminal case either as a prosecutor or a defense attorney. He has not lost a civil case since 1969. Mr. Spence has won more multi-million dollar verdicts without an intervening loss than any lawyer in America.
Weekend with the Stars: Evolution of Trial Advocacy offers an introspective view of several popular advocacy theories and if—and how—they should be applied to your cases. We’ll examine topics such as:
• Voir Dire
• The Reptile: The First 2 1/2 Years
• Choice Theory
• Jury Relations
• Psychodrama in the Courtroom
A VERY INTERESTING ARTICLE, INDEED, ON JUROR BIAS
Neurolaw: Differential brain activity for Black and White faces predicts damage awards in hypothetical employment discrimination cases
Abstract
Currently, potential jurors' racial biases are measured by explicit questioning––a poor measure because people often hide their views to adhere to social norms, and people have implicit views they are not consciously aware of. In this experiment, we investigated whether two alternative methods of measuring racial bias––a standard Black/White, good/bad Implicit Association Test (IAT) and neural activity, measured by fMRI, in response to seeing faces of Black and White individuals––could predict how much money subjects would award Black victims in hypothetical employment discrimination cases. IAT scores failed to predict how much money subjects awarded victims. However, in right inferior parietal lobule (BA 40) and in right superior/middle frontal gyrus (BA 9/10)––which have both previously been implicated in measuring biases and implicit preferences––the difference in neural activity between when subjects viewed Black faces paired with neutral adjectives and when subjects viewed White faces paired with neutral adjectives was positively correlated with the amount of money the subjects awarded victims. This suggests that brain activity measures racial bias with more practical validity, at least in this situation and with our sample size, than a common behavioral measure (the IAT).
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17470919.2011.631739
Sunday, November 13, 2011
Saturday, November 12, 2011
Tuesday, November 8, 2011
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